2.0 L 316 Stainless Steel High-Pressure Autoclave
Isochoric cell rated to 10.0 MPa with internal volume calibration (1.00 L liquid, 1.00 L gas).
Chemical & Process Engineering / Gas Solubility Henry's Law
FREE TO EXPLORELABORATORY 39 · CHEMICAL & PROCESS ENGINEERING
Gas Solubility in Liquids & Henry's Law Constant Evaluation via Pressure-Decay Isochoric Manometry
Determine the solubility and Henry's law constant for carbon dioxide (CO_2) in pure deionized water at 25.00 °C using a constant-volume isochoric pressure-decay autoclave across initial gas pressures P_0 from 1.0 to 6.0 bar, monitor equilibrium pressure drop ΔP, evaluate the moles of dissolved gas, and extract the Henry's law solubility constant. Explore interactive transport phenomena, unit operations simulation, and chemical engineering telemetry.
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA · UNIT OPERATIONS · PROCESS CONTROL · REACTION ENGINEERING
Your virtual chemical and process engineering laboratory.
EQUILIBRIUM DISSOLVED GAS CONTENT N_D—
PROCESS & PILOT PLANT TELEMETRY
Ready to sample with Initial Pressure P_0 = 3.0 bar.
Adjust Initial Pressure P_0, then execute chemical process trial.
Chemical and process engineering telemetry is evaluated rigorously using 64-bit IEEE 754 precision. Residuals reflect ordinary least-squares regression across successive observations. Continuous data structures support high-fidelity transport phenomena and unit operations modeling.
Process engineering assumptions and boundary condition limits
The transport and thermodynamic models apply within the specified calibrated operating window (1.0 to 6.0 bar). Evaluated using a 2.0 L 316SS Buchi high-pressure autoclave reactor with hollow-shaft gas-entrainment Rushton impeller (1000 RPM) and Rosemount 3051S precision pressure transmitter (±0.005 bar). Pure CO_2 (99.99%) dissolving into 1.000 L degassed deionized water at 25.000 ± 0.01 °C.
Process apparatus & industrial sensors.
Magnetic-Drive Hollow-Shaft Gas-Entraining Impeller
Pumps head-space gas continuously into liquid at 1000 RPM to maximize mass transfer area without seals.
Precision Piezoresistive Pressure Transmitter (0 to 10 bar)
Logs autoclave head-space pressure decay with ±0.001 bar resolution and 10 Hz sampling rate.
Constant-Temperature Water Recirculating Jacket
Maintains reactor temperature strictly at 25.000 ± 0.01 °C to eliminate thermal pressure fluctuations.
Ultra-Pure Carbon Dioxide (CO_2) Cylinder & Dual-Stage Regulator
Supplies dry 99.99% CO_2 gas up to 6.00 bar through an automated charging solenoid valve.
High-Vacuum Degassing Station with Liquid Nitrogen Trap
Degasses DI water down to < 1.0 kPa prior to charging to ensure zero background dissolved inert gases.
FOLLOW THE METHOD
A reason behind every step.
Determine the solubility and Henry's law constant for carbon dioxide (CO_2) in pure deionized water at 25.00 °C using a constant-volume isochoric pressure-decay autoclave across initial gas pressures P_0 from 1.0 to 6.0 bar, monitor equilibrium pressure drop ΔP, evaluate the moles of dissolved gas, and extract the Henry's law solubility constant. Standardized parameter settings: 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 bar.
01
Water Degassing & Reactor Priming
Degas exactly 1000.0 mL of DI water by boiling under vacuum; transfer into autoclave under vacuum; start jacket temperature control at 25.00 °C.
02
System Evacuation & Thermal Baseline
Evacuate head-space to residual pressure < 0.05 bar; verify isothermal stability at 25.000 ± 0.01 °C for 20 minutes.
03
Gas Injection to Target Initial Pressure (P_0 = 1.0 bar)
Open CO_2 supply valve to rapidly charge head-space to P_0 = 1.00 bar; isolate charging valve immediately; record initial pressure P_0.
04
Agitation & Pressure Decay Logging
Engage magnetic hollow-shaft stirrer at 1000 RPM; log pressure decay P(t) until steady equilibrium P_eq is maintained for 15 minutes.
05
Dissolved Moles Calculation via Real Gas EOS
Compute initial moles n_0 and final vapor moles n_eq using Peng–Robinson or virial compressibility z; calculate dissolved moles n_d.
06
Pressure Progression Protocol
Repeat evacuation, priming, and charging across P_0 = 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0 bar; plot n_d versus P_0 to extract Henry's law slope S.
YOUR NOTEBOOK · 0 OBSERVATIONS
Turn measurements into chemical process engineering insight.
Points are your recorded observations. The solid regression line validates Gas Solubility Henry's Law mathematical scaling.
LINEAR REGRESSION FIT · y = mx + b
n_d = S · P_0 = 0.0340 · P_0
| # | Initial Autoclave Gas Pressure P_0 (bar) | Equilibrium Dissolved Gas Content n_d (mol) | Initial gas pressure P_0 (bar) | Dissolved gas content n_d (mol) | Remove |
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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Explain what the process engineering metrics mean.
Henry's Law states that at constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is:
As water temperature rises from 25 °C to 80 °C, the solubility of CO_2 in water:
In an isochoric pressure-decay experiment, the moles of gas dissolved are determined by:
The units of Henry's law solubility constant K_H in concentration-pressure form are typically:
THEORY AND UNIT OPERATIONS CONTEXT
Process engineering background & physical principles.
Gas solubility in liquids is a core physical phenomenon across chemical engineering, environmental science, beverage carbonation, bioprocessing, and carbon capture and sequestration (CCS). When a sparingly soluble gas contacts a liquid solvent at constant temperature, gas molecules transport across the liquid-gas interface until thermodynamic equilibrium is established between the chemical potential of the gas species in the vapor phase and its chemical potential in the dissolved liquid phase: μ_i^V(T, P, y_i) = μ_i^L(T, P, x_i). In dilute solutions, this equilibrium is governed by Henry's Law, originally formulated by William Henry in 1803: P_i = H_i · x_i, where P_i is the partial pressure of the gas above the solution, x_i is the equilibrium liquid mole fraction, and H_i is Henry's law volatility constant (bar). Alternatively, in volumetric process engineering, Henry's law is expressed in terms of dissolved molar concentration: C_d = K_H · P_i, where K_H is Henry's law solubility constant (mol/(L·bar)). For a closed isochoric (constant-volume) autoclave cell containing liquid solvent volume V_L (1.00 L) and head-space gas volume V_G, the total moles of gas initially charged at pressure P_0 is: n_0 = (P_0 · V_G) / (z_0 · R T). As gas dissolves into the degassed liquid, the head-space pressure decays until reaching equilibrium pressure P_eq. By mass balance over the closed cell, the moles of dissolved gas n_d equals the difference between initial and final gas-phase moles: n_d = n_0 - n_eq = [V_G / (R T)] · [(P_0 / z_0) - (P_eq / z_eq)]. In the linear Henry's law regime, equilibrium dissolved gas content is directly proportional to initial charging pressure: n_d = S · P_0, where the solubility slope S = K_H · V_L = 0.0340 mol/bar. For CO_2 dissolving into 1.00 L of water at 25.00 °C, K_H = 0.0340 mol/(L·bar) (equivalent to Henry's volatility constant H = 1630 bar). In this laboratory experiment, a 316 stainless steel isochoric pressure-decay cell equipped with a magnetic-drive hollow-shaft gas-entraining impeller and piezoresistive pressure transmitter measures CO_2 dissolution across initial pressures from 1.0 to 6.0 bar to evaluate n_d and determine S = 0.0340 mol/bar.
n_d = S · P_0 = 0.0340 · P_0
Evaluated using a 2.0 L 316SS Buchi high-pressure autoclave reactor with hollow-shaft gas-entrainment Rushton impeller (1000 RPM) and Rosemount 3051S precision pressure transmitter (±0.005 bar). Pure CO_2 (99.99%) dissolving into 1.000 L degassed deionized water at 25.000 ± 0.01 °C.